> Written by Jonn Gorden www.zerogravity.com.au

> with thanks to MIke Seymour www.fxguide.com

So you want to be a freelancer?

Part 1: How to determine an hourly rate

Step 1 - Preparation

So you are determined to be your own boss, or maybe you are picking up some contract jobs while looking for full-time work. Either way one of the most difficult things can be knowing how much to quote a client.

Most of your contemporaries are hesitant to advertise their rates, in case they are undercut in a bid, and the clients would seriously hurt their negotiation ability if they were to advertise what they are prepared to pay. So how do you find that magic figure that is low enough to get work, but not so low that you can't pay the rent? High enough to compensate your time appropriately, but not so high that you price yourself out of the bid?

Research

The very first thing to do is to research as much as you can. One of the best places too look up is IT recruiting agencies. Often they will publish average or expected pay rates for different types of jobs. If you are lucky you will find not only salary rates, but hourly rates as well.

Also look at job advertisements, for work similar to what you want to do, to see how much they are offering. Both of these are probably best done online.

Note: Unfortunately graphics work of any kind, including 2D & 3D is often missed out from IT recruitment. They have managers and programmers, and html coders, but graphics rarely makes the cut. Search for the few recruiters that do cater for graphics work as well as other IT categories.

Also network with as many people as possible doing your kind of work, even vaguely related industries. Quite often they'll be open about their standard rates, and it'll give you a better idea of the market in your area.

Budget

As a freelancer you are basically running your own business. This means you need to consider things like phone and internet costs, electricity, rent, and most importantly both hardware and software upgrades. Once you have factored these into a budget you can look at your personal items such as loans, food, entertainment, hobbies, toys etc.

You need to prepare as detailed a budget as you can, for at least a 12 month period. This will allow you to include the major hardware and software upgrades, which you should budget each for once a year.

Don't forget to allow for personal income tax. Usually at this stage adding 30% to the bottom line is sufficient.

Don't undervalue yourself

Now you've done the research, and prepared your budget, Let's do some preliminary calculations to get things started.

Have a look at the budget, and your total costs for the 12 month period. Now you need to decide how much you want to work. For now let's assume a normal working week of 35 hours and 46 working weeks a year (Giving yourself 4 weeks break plus 2 weeks emergency/sick time per year).

Divide your total costs by 46 (the number of weeks) and then divide that figure by 35 (the number of hours per week). The figure that is left is your average hourly cost. (If it seems excessively high you may want to leave that 80" Sony plasma TV off the budget for now :)

Before we continue, let's think about the figures we've used. 46 weeks work a year is certainly good to aim for, but how likely is it that you will find that much work? Certainly in my experience the ratio of paid work to self-promotion, looking for and generating work opportunities is usually starts at around 1:2. Unless you're really lucky the best it will probably be for a while is 1:1. What this tells us is that out of those 46 weeks you are planning to work, you are likely to only be paid for 15 to 23 of those weeks.

You may be asking why the ratio is so low when many post-production companies usually have a much better ratio. Well the reason is simple. Companies are in a position of having people dedicated to promotion and work generation, while others in the company are doing the work. On the other hand you have only yourself to do both tasks. When the pressure is on to complete work by a deadline you rarely get the opportunities to get out and network to promote yourself. Of course as time goes on and more people are aware of you, and you have more jobs under your belt the ratio should rise, hopefully to the point you have to turn down work, or sub-contract because you're too busy.

So getting back to our sums, let's do that last one again, this time using 15 paid working weeks, and again 35 hours per week. Quite a difference isn't it?

Now this exercise has given us a good understanding of just how much it costs to be in this business, but there's still a little way to go before we have our actual hourly rates figured out.

Part 2: Calculate your rate

Ok now that you've done some preparation and worked out your costs, it's time to work out your asking price.

There are 2 figures that you need to arrive at. One is your optimum rate, the amount you believe you are worth, and that you should usually quote. The other is your cut-off rate, the lowest amount for which you can work and still comfortably pay the bills. We can use what we've already done to calculate both those figures.

You've already estimated how many paid hours you are likely to work and arrived at a figure that is your average hourly cost but we need to factor in some more things before it can be used effectively.

Profit

A business only exists to make profit. Sure, it's nice to think that it's providing valuable services, and is a fun place to work, but at the end of the day the profit margin is all important.

It's easy to forget this principle in our line of work, because more often than not we are made to feel guilty for getting paid to have fun. At least that's the limited impression of many people outside our industry who rarely factor in the often outrageous working hours and pressures involved. So since we've already established that as a freelancer you are running your own business, you need to think about profit.

How much to add?

The most accepted figure to aim for in the business world is 30%. A successful company is earning at least 30% profit. Of course this has been re-written in recent years by many IT companies who earn significantly more profit, but let's keep our initial expectations to the accepted 30%, and many post-houses operate on significantly less !

Without profit, you will find it very difficult to advance your freelance career. Let's think about it for a second.

. If you're working from job to job just to put food on the table, are you spending enough time planning for the future?

. What happens when a job comes up that requires you to purchase an unexpected piece of equipment?

.   What about training? In our business we need to spend unparalleled amounts of time learning new features and programs.

.   What happens when a client doesn't pay on time, or at all?

.   What about the odd job that you misquote and it takes much longer - you'll need some reserves?

So you can see how important profit is to your success as a freelancer.

Salary vs hourly rate

Now it's likely that most of your research resulted in some knowledge of salary rates, but very little in the way of hourly rates. If we want to compare our figures to salaries, we need to break down those salaries.

Take a salary of US$50,000 for example. What hourly rate is the company paying? Easy you say.

$50,000 / 1610 (46 weeks x 35 hrs/week) = $31 per hour

But no, it's not that easy. When a company hires an employee, it doesn't only cost them the salary. Other costs include superannuation, workers comp, non-productive time, leave, overheads (coffee, toilet paper etc), just to name a few. When all these are added up they come to roughly 50% of the salary.

But that's not all, there's also equipment costs and furniture, which are large initial expenses as well as ongoing ones. You're looking at roughly $10-12,000 to setup an employee, plus yearly hardware and software upgrades. So you can easily add an additional 30%.

So let's look at that salary figure again.

$50,000 x 1.8 = $90,000

To hire an employee at $50,000 costs the company $90,000. Surprising isn't it?

So re-evaluating the hourly rate we get $90,000 / 1610 = $56 per hour.

The employee is receiving $31 per hour, but it's costing the company $56 per hour.

So do this calculation on all the salary rates you have found in your research and you'll have a good basis for comparison.

Salary x 1.8 / 1610 = Hourly rate

Comparisons

So let's take your average hourly costs and add 30% profit. We're getting very close to an appropriate hourly rate now.

Let's compare this hourly rate to the hourly rates from your research. If the figure lies within the limits of your research then you're probably on track. If your rates are significantly higher or lower than these rates then you may need to go back and look at your calculations again. Analyse your budget, profit margin and paid weeks estimate to see what areas you can massage in order to arrive at a reasonable hourly rate.

Optimum vs cut-off

So what's the difference between the optimum rate, and the cut-off rate?

The optimum rate is the amount that falls within the industry standards, covers your costs, covers your unpaid time, and includes some profit. This amount (or a little higher) is what you would normally start with when preparing a quote, in the knowledge that it's likely to go down a bit through negotiations.

The cut-off rate is the lowest amount that you can afford to work for. If negotiations fall below this amount you walk away from the bid. You may decide that your cut-off rate doesn't have any profit included, or maybe it's for longer term work so your paid weeks estimate may be higher. But under no circumstances can you accept lower than this amount. If you do then you will go into debt in order to do the work. You might as well pay the client for the privilege of doing the work. And don't forget the 'opportunity cost" of doing any job, - while your busy on a low paid job, - your not free to work up bids for other jobs, - call old clients, or do any other promotion.

Once you know these amounts, quoting suddenly becomes a piece of cake. No longer do you have to agonise over how much you think the client can pay, because you know how much you need to do the work.

The other decision you have to make is how flexible you want to be with your rate, how willing you are to negotiate. You may decide that you will nominate a percentage that you will easily negotiate down, after which you become less flexible.

Part 3: Putting it into practice

The most prominent factor when quoting is the value of the work to the customer, or the perceived value, versus what it costs you to deliver the work, the cost of services. Somewhere between these 2 amounts is the amount you and the client will end up agreeing upon for your hourly rate.

So how do you figure out the perceived value?

You should find out as much about the client as possible.

. What kind of work have they done before?

. What clients have they worked with?

. How long have they been in business?

. What impression do others have of the company?

. Does the company already have the project, or are they bidding for it while looking at who might be available?

. Where is the company based?

. Where does the project originate?

Once you have done this you should have a fairly good idea of what position the company is in, whether they will be looking for cheap labour, or are willing to pay for high quality work.

One mistake that many people make when they're starting out is feeling intimidated by the negotiation process. It's easy to do, but keep in mind that the client needs you as much as you need them. Be strong and the client will respect you for it.

The client may even tell you that they can't afford your rate just to see how low you are willing to go. Often a client will appear to walk away, before reconsidering and agreeing to your rates. This can be a test to weed out who's serious and who's not. The ones who are prepared to negotiate down to nothing are usually not going to provide quality work.

Along the way you may miss out on a few jobs because your rates are too high, that's normal. Those jobs probably wouldn't be worth putting on your portfolio anyway. Of course if you haven't eaten for a few weeks you can always make an exception :) But remember, if you accept a job for too low a rate, you may be missing out on a much more attractive offer just around the corner because you're too busy.

Other variables

There are some other factors we need to consider when comparing rates or preparing quotes.

Acceptable hourly rates can differ from area to area and country to country. Don't panic, this doesn't mean that if you away from Hollywood, you will be poor for the rest of your life :) It means that you may need to adjust your hourly rate up or down depending on where the work is coming from. Take note of where your researched salaries and rates are from to get a feel for the marketplace value in different locations.

Keep an eye on the industry to see where the highest demand is. The higher the demand and lower number of people skilled to fill that demand drive the rates up for that type of work. So in considering different rates for different skills, you should break down your skills into different areas, such as 3d graphics, 3d animation, 2d graphics (Photoshop), matte painting, etc. Each of these can demand different hourly rates depending on the level of skill involved versus the number of people with those skills.

Your rate will also depend on your abilities within an area. The better you are the more you can charge. Although the industry may determine that 3d character animation is worth more than matte painitng, if you're better at matte painting, your rates should represent that.

Your level of experience, and the number of satisfied clients will affect your rates. If a client can see that you've worked successfully with other clients they are more likely to agree to your rates. Also if the job involves team work, having worked with others on projects will greatly enhance your chances.

Also related to experience is speed. The faster you are at doing something the more you can charge per hour. This can be a difficult one with a new client, but as you do more work for a particular client this can become a bargaining point.

A big factor to consider is the length of the project or job. The longer a project is, the more flexible you can be with your rate. Remember we were estimating a fairly low number of paid working weeks. If a job comes along that is measured in months rather than weeks your estimated paid weeks figure suddenly jumps up which means that you can quote less while still maintaining the same level of finances.

Sometimes you are offered a job that is too much fun to pass up, or will help enhance your skills in a particular area, but the money isn't great. If you've got enough money that you can afford to do the job for less than your normal rates, or even less than your cut-off rates, it can be worthwhile for the experience or just plain fun.

Conclusion

A few years ago I was talking with some contemporaries about hourly rates. I suggested to them that they could look at increasing their rates considerably, that their rates were well below industry standards. At the time I had just adjusted my own rates up. When I told them what rates I thought they could be receiving and told them my new rates, they laughed at me and said I was nuts.

A few weeks later I had a 3 month job at my new rates, and those contemporaries were still working insane hours just to cover the rent.

If you put the time into determining your hourly rate, and understanding what factors influence that rate you will make your life much easier. There will always be exceptions to the rule, but as always, the more you know the rules of the game, the better decisions you can make when bending those rules.

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Jonny Gorden is a professional animator and is considered one of the industry's leading character designers. His production company Zero Gravity Entertainment created the PC game X-Men: The Ravages of Apocalypse, achieving world-wide critical success. Having been featured in many magazines and books, Jonny recently released his own books "LightWave 8 - Cartoon Character Creation" volumes 1 & 2. Jonny continues to produce 3D animation for clients around the globe and develop new and exciting techniques for character animation.